Waruno Mahdi’s

List of Linguistic Publications

(see also List of Presentations)

 WM
| 1976 | 1981 | 1988 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2002 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | in prep |

2010

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Comment, pp. 242–243 in:
Mark Donohue and Tim Denham, Farming and Language in Island Southeast Asia: Reframing Austronesian History, Current Anthropology 51:223–256.

2009

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In search of an historical Sea-People Malay dialect with -aba-, pp. 73–89 in Alexander Adelaar and Andrew Pawley (eds.), Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Robert Blust, Pacific Linguistics 601. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
The parent language of modern Moken and Moklen—named “Pre-Moken”—is identified as the source of early Chinese and Arabic (and Greek) renderings of the name of Yava[dvipa] that suggest a precursor form with -aba- in place of the original -ava- (rendered -awa- in Malay). The identification also helps explain a number of irregular instances of the sequence -aba- in Malay and some other languages. Besides Pre-Moken speakers, other Sea-People communities seem to have ben involved as well in Malay shipping on various routes.
A Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistics, “Hot” and “Cool” Languages, “Dressed” and “Undressed” Ones, and More (Leiden, 26–28 June 2008), Archipel 77:3–7.
Report for Échos de la recherche about the Twelfth International Symposium on Malay/Indonesian Linguistice (ISMIL 12) in Leiden.
Review of Ricky Ganang, Jay Crain, Vicky Pearson-Round (2008, Kemaloh Lundayeh - English Dictionary, Borneo Research Council Reference Series No. 1. Phillips [ME]: Borneo Research Council), Archipel 77:226–229.
A remarkable dictionary, the significance of which goes far beyond being a very thorough dictionary of the language. It appears to be designed as mainstay of ethnic unity, culture identity and tradition of a marginal speech community dispersed as ethnic pockets in Sarawak, Sabah, and East Kalimantan. With this dictionary, the Lundayehs appear to come out to claim their part in the globalised world.

2008

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Review of Russell Jones (gen. ed., 2007, Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay, Compiled by the Indonesian Etymological Project. Leiden: KITLV Press), Archipel 76:318–322.
An etymological dictionary of “Non-Nusantaran” (and Non-Austroasiatic) loan-words in Indonesian and Malaysian (literary and vernacular) Malay, resulting from the collective contributions of prominent international specialists in the field.
Bilinguisme et communication sociale (trad. par Jacqueline Camus), pp. 19-22 in Johanna Lederer et al. (eds.), L’auteur dépaysé. Ecrivains de double appartenance culturelle, deuxième édition de la journée des dix heures pour la littérature indonésienne, 28 octobre 2006. Paris: Association franco-indonésienne Pasar Malam [2008].
About the significance of language in social communication, and some not so obvious connections between language factors and the formation of structures in human communities. In conclusion there is a recount of an episode in the author’s early childhood, in which bilinguality had a quite decisive role.
[the Indonesian original is available as pdf]
Yavadvipa and the Merapi Volcano in West Sumatra, Archipel 75:111–143.
Reconstructs three episodes in the history of Yavadvipa (emergence in Sumatra, conquest by Sri Vijaya, revival in Central Java), in which a Merapi volcano plays a role, the third one involving transfer of the originally Sumatran names Yava ~ Jawa and Merapi, to Java and a Javanese volcano.
The testimony of the Kedukan Bukit, Kota Kapur, Canggal, Ligor (Chaiya) steles A and B, and Cambodian Sdok Kak Thom inscriptions, the Sundanese Carita Parahiyangan, Vietnamese Annals, and several Chinese sources, are combined into a unified historical frame of relations between megalithist highland agriculturists, maritime seamen and traders, and lowland urban power centers, of sacral attributes of kingship and paramountcy, while offering possible answers to some puzzling aspects of early Indonesian history, the roles of Sumatra, Java and the Peninsula, the reign of King Sanjaya, and accession to power of the Shailendras in Sri Vijaya.

2007

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Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications before 1700, Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag (ISBN: 978-3-447-05492-8); 
Online reviews:  Book News Inc. Portland (OR) · buchhandel.de · directshopper.de. 
Table of contents and list of illustrations
Reviews:
  • Marlies Salazar, in Archipel 75:247–250 (2008);
  • Edwin Wieringa, in Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 164:161–163 (2008).

2006

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The beginnings and reorganization of the Commissie voor de Volkslectuur (1908 – 1920), pp. 85–110 in Fritz Schulze and Holger Warnk (eds.), Insular Southeast Asia: Linguistic and Cultural Studies in Honour of Bernd Nothofer. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (ISBN: 978-3-447-05477-5).
Discusses some particularities of the publishing policy of the Commissie, later known as Balai Pustaka, during the first decade of its activity, and the significance of its reorganization in 1917-1920, also some possible long-term consequences of that for the language culture of postwar Indonesia.
Collaboration in:
Uli Kozok, Kitab undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu yang Tertua. Yayasan Naskah Nusantara. Alih Aksara: Hassan Djafar, Ninie Susanti Y., dan Waruno Mahdi. Alih Bahasa: Achadiati Ikram, I Kuntara Wiryamartana, Karl Anderbeck, Thomas Hunter, Uli Kozok, dan Waruno Mahdi.  Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia (ISBN: 979-461-603-6).
Annotated text of the 14th-century (oldest) Malay manuscript, discovered at Tanjung Tanah (Kerinci, Sumatra), preceded by an elaborate discussion.

2005

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Malagasy, pp. 641–644 in Philipp Strazny (ed.), Encyclopedia of Linguistics. New York & Oxon: Fitzroy Dearborn
2000-word encyclopaedia entry.
Old Malay, pp. 182–201 in Alexander Adelaar & Nikolaus P. Himmelmann (eds.), The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London & New York: Routledge.
[online repro at GoogleBooks]
A detailed but concise account of the language of Old Malay stone inscriptions.

2002

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Review of H. Steinhauer (2001, Leerboek Indonesisch. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij), Oceanic Linguistics 41:525–528.
[online repro at JSTOR]
A textbook in Dutch for tertiary Indonesian language courses from the university where Indonesian studies started (the review is in English).
Inconsistent Distinction of Possessive and Qualitative Nominal Attribution in Indonesian, pp. 111–137 in K. Alexander Adelaar & Robert Blust (eds.), Between Worlds: linguistic papers in memory of David John Prentice. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
[online pdf at SEALang archives]
Discusses the use of -nya, punya and the prepositions dari and daripada to indicate possessive attribution, the pragmatics of either using these means or leaving the nature of the attribution unspecified, and various other means of lifting the ambiguity existing in nominal attribution in Indonesian. Also touches upon derivation of adjectives from nouns.
Personal nominal words in Indonesian: an anomaly in morphological classification, pp. 166–192 in Joel Bradshaw & Kennneth L. Rehg (eds.), Issues in Austronesian morphology: a focusschrift for Byron Bender. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Traditional grammars group proper names with nouns in one class, and personal and other pronouns in another. Material is provided suggesting a different grouping in Indonesian: personal proper names and personal pronouns form one class, distinct from another that encompasses nouns and demonstrative pronouns. The former class of personal nominals, to which also pronominalized nouns are included, is more closely inspected. Personal nominals distinguish the category of case, minimally the ergative and non-ergative, optionally also the vocative. Another characteristic grammatical category is that of social ranking. Optional features are that of abbridgement, and of gender.

2000

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Review of J.G. de Casparis (1997, Sanskrit loan-words in Indonesian; An annotated check-list of words from Sanskrit in Indonesian and Traditional Malay, NUSA Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia 41. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya), Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 156:844–852.
Includes notes on etymology of   anilin, bensin, ibu suri, jasa, Jawa, jawaras, jawawut, Jawi, kamper, Keling, kulawangsa, mani, manik, margasatwa, merga, Nusantara, olahraga, prakarsa, prakata, prawacana, pujangga, raga, sida.
Review of A. Teeuw (1998, De ontwikkeling van een woordschat; Het Indonesisch 1945–1995, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen [nieuwe reeks] 61/5. Amsterdam: Koningklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen), Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 156:154–165.
On development of Indonesian vocabulary, particularly terminological, since 1945 (the review is in English).

1999

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Linguistic and Philological Data towards Dating Austronesian Activity in India and Sri Lanka, pp. 160–242 in Roger Blench & Matthew Spriggs (eds.), Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and cultural Transformation. London & New York: Routledge.
[online repro at GoogleBooks]
Archaeological research of the last three decades in Southeast Asia suggest a greater role of the region in world culture development than had been assumed before, raising new interest in the role of Austronesians in INTERREGIONAL MARITIME COMMUNICATION. Basing on literary tradition, MYTHOLOGY and folklore, particularly on NAGAs and SERPENT CULT, also of linguistic data associated with the SACRED TREE CULT and MEGALITHS, names and distribution of some DOMESTICATED PLANTS and spices, and early SPICE TRADE, a chronology of Austronesian activity in INDIA and SRI LANKA in four periods is proposed, covering the time from c. 1000 B.C. till 700 A.D.
The Dispersal of Austronesian Boat Forms in the Indian Ocean, pp. 144–179 in Roger Blench & Matthew Spriggs (eds.), Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, languages and texts. London & New York: Routledge.
Arguments, including particularities in sailing maneuvres, are presented in support of a revized succession of Austronesian boat forms: (RAFT >) DOUBLE CANOE > Assymetric double canoe > non-reversible SINGLE-OUTRIGGER CANOE > REVERSIBLE SINGLE-OUTRIGGER CANOE > DOUBLE-OUTRIGGER CANOE. Historiographic data suggest approximately simultaneous westward movement of AUSTRONESIAN SHIPPING and eastward. activity of SEMITIC SHIPPING between 1000 B.C and 700 A.D., mutual influence in form of the sail is inspected. Historiographic data for SEWN HULL and large size of early Malay ships. Linguistic and archaeological data on BOAT BURIAL (also Indochinese SPONSON BOATS) suggest Austronesian ascent of mainland rivers (MEKONG, SALWEEN, IRRAWADY, BRAHMAPUTRA), and eastward spread of burial custom after 600 B.C. The outriggerless keeled PLANK-HULLED BOAT is considered to have been spread from INDOCHINA to BOTEL TOBAGO, MALUKU, the SOLOMONS by around 500 B.C. The distribution of the protoform *p[a@]DaHu "sailing boat for long-distance navigation" in OCEANIA and SOUTH INDIA is considered.

1998

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Transmission of Southeast Asian Cultigens to India and Sri Lanka, pp. 390–415 in Roger Blench & Matthew Spriggs (eds.), Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. London & New York: Routledge.
[online repro at GoogleBooks]
Modalities of the transmission to India and Sri Lanka of some culture plants believed to originate from Southeast Asia and contiguous South China are studied in a linguistic context. In the BOTTLE GOURD, a negative example is discussed, being of African origin. It is concluded that RICE from North Indochina was transmitted by Mundas to Dravidians towards the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. Around the 2nd century B.C., the COCONUT, ARECA nut and BETEL pepper, and YAMS (the latter perhaps a bit later) are introduced to India probably by Austronesians, the coconut possibly already earlier to Sri Lanka. SUGARCANE in North India is apparently of local origin and distinct from that of the Far East. The LIME from insular Southeast Asia and LEMON from North Indochina is introduced towards the end of the 1st millennium A.D.

1996

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Another Look at Proto-Austronesian *d and *D, pp. 1–14 in Bernd Nothofer (ed.), Reconstruction, Classification, Description — Festschrift in Honor of Isidore Dyen, Abera Network Asia-Pacific 3. Hamburg: Abera.
Introduces data from Balinese as additional material, and means for distinguishing Malay and Javanese loans from authentic items of the language. Basing on a revised definition of *d and *D, it is shown that the distinction between the proto-phonemes is borne out for three geographically separated regions: Taiwan (Paiwan, Puyuma), the Philippines (Cebuano,Tagalog), and Western Indonesia (Balinese, Javanese, Madurese).
Confirmation of an Etymology: xsalaka ‘money silver&$146;, Oceanic Linguistics 35:142.
[online repro at JSTOR]
An Indic precursor referring to a primitive form of money is identified.

1995

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Wie hießen die Malaien, bevor sie ‘Malaien’ hießen?, pp. 162–176 in A. Bormann, A. Graf, M. Voss (eds.), Südostasien und Wir: Grundsatzdiskussionen und Fachbei träge. Tagung des Arbeitskreises Südostasien und Ozeanien Hamburg 1993, Austronesiana. Studien zum austronesischen Südostasien und Ozeanien 1, Hamburg: LIT-Verlag (ISBN: 978-3-8258-2014-9).
First identified mention of the term Malay (Malayu) dates to 644 A.D., but linguistic evidence has been uncovered suggesting Malay activity in spice trade since around 200 B.C. By what name were they known, before they were called "Malays"? Comparison of the travelog of Faxian (412-13 A.D) and meteorological data show that Sanskrit Yavadvipa (Yava Island) must have been located near the later Malayu in Sumatra. The Ramayana, Ptolemy's Geography, and the Javanese Changgal inscription characterize it as rich in grain and gold mines, Ptolemy places it south of the Malay Peninsula, the Changgal inscription seems to exclude Java as location, all again pointing to Sumatra. Historiographic evidence shows Arabic Zabaj (from Javaka, the Pali adjectival form of Sanskrit Yava) to refer to lands of the Malays. It is concluded that Sanskrit Yava, Pali Javaka, Arabic Zabaj, the Chinese cognate Shepo, and Old Malay Jawa referred either to the original Hinduist-Malay realm which was subjugated by Sri Vijaya in the late 7th century A.D., or to its inhabitants, or to Malay lands and Malays in general. An explanation is proposed, how the name later came to refer to Java and the Javanese.

1994

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Some Austronesian Maverick Protoforms with Culture-Historical Implications — II, Oceanic Linguistics 33:431–490.
[online repro at JSTOR]
Linguistic evidence on SORGHUM and FOXTAIL MILLET are considered, suggesting introduction of sorghum from India to West Malayo-Indonesia, and of the millet from China through the Philippines to Indonesia between 1500 and 700 B.C>, being contemporaneous with the transmission of *buLau-an "GOLD". Data for RICE are found to be in agreement with Bellwood, but that it was probably a highland rather than lowland crop. Distribution of *parij and *parigi? "DITCH around STONE FORTIFICATION" suggests dispersal from Sulu-Sangir to West Indonesia, implying Indonesion origin of megaliths of Northeast and South India. Linguistic evidence for origin of the DOUBLE CANOE from a HOMELAND in China is provided, and for Austronesian participation in emergence of SHIP OF THE DEAD cult in Indochina, and for introducing boats for LONG-DISTANCE NAVIGATION to India. A "substratum trail" tracing the migration to Oceania is investigated . Forms for "PERSON" throw light on relationship between mongoloid and australoid Austronesians. Conclusions are made with regard to the implementation of the method of EXCLUSIVELY SHARED INNOVATIONS.
Some Austronesian Maverick Protoforms with Culture-Historical Implications — I, Oceanic Linguistics 33:167–229.
[online repro at JSTOR]
Distortions of results of subrouping based on EXCLUSIVELY SHARED INNOVATIONS through inclusion of NON-AUTHENTIC lexical INNOVATIONS (here termed MAVERICKs) are investigated. Attempts are made to correlate such nonauthentic innovations with datable archaeological and historiographic data. Protoforms for "IRON" are found to be maverick, their distribution suggests a distribution center in the SULU-SANGIR area. PHILIPPINE and MALAY borrowings in TAIWAN are considered. *Bunga-lawang "CLOVE" and *salaka "SILVER" are correlated with Malay SPICE TRADE since 200 B.C.; *pirak "SILVER" and *(@)mas "GOLD" with FUNAN overlordship in the 3rd-4th cent. A.D.; some evidence for east and westward influence of EAST CENTRAL MALUKU and NORTH HALMEHARA are considered.

1993

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Distinguishing Homonymic Wordforms in Indonesian, pp. 181–216 in Ger P. Reesink (ed.), Topics in Descriptive Austronesian Linguistics, Semaian 11. Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië".
Continues investigation into problem of distinguishing homonymic forms in the paradigm of a wordclass. Holds that characteristic valencies, hitherto serving to distinguish wordclasses in isolating languages, actually distinguish wordforms in the paradigm, whereas the wordclasses are defined by their distinctive paradigms. Distinguishes homonymic forms in the paradigm of substantives, pro-nouns (distinguished from personal pronouns), locatives, pro- locatives (all included in the hyperclass of nouns), personal pro-names (forming together with proper names and relational pro-names the hyperclass of pro-names), and verbs.

1988

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Morphophonologische Besonderheiten und historische Phonologie des Malagasy, Veröffentlichungen des Seminars für indonesische und Südseesprachen der Universität Hamburg 20. Berlin / Hamburg: Reimer (ISBN: 978-3-496-00933-0).
Formal description of Malagasy morphophonology, particularly with regard to morphophonological processes at suffixation; introduces a morphophonemic transcription, disclosing suppletivism involving doublet cognates. A general study of the historical phonology of Malagasy, tracing back to Proto-East-Barito, and further up till Proto-Austronesian. Study of the origin and development of the morphophonological particularities of the language. Discussion of general problems of Austronesian historical linguistics and of subgrouping methods (particularly lexicostatistics and exclusively shared innovations).
Reviews:
  • Jan Knappert, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53:395–396 (1990).
  • K.A. Adelaar, "New Ideas on the Early History of Malagasy", pp. 1–22 in H. Steinhauer (ed.), Papers in Austronesian Linguistics No. 1, Pacific Linguistics series A-81, Canberra: Australian National University (1991).

1981

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Some Problems of the Phonology of Metropolitan Indonesian, Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land- en Volkenkunde 137:399–418.
Investigates the loaned phonemes in Indonesian, which appeared as a result of borrowing from Sanskrit, Arabic, Persia, Dutch and other European languages, particularly /f/, /x/, /z/, /sh/, /?/, and /e/.

1976

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Bezaffiksaljnye slovoformy-omonimy v indonezijskom jazyke (Affixless homonymic Wordforms in Indonesian), pp. 118–120 in Tjezisy diskussii “Tipologija kak razdjel jazykoznanija”. Moskva: Nauka.
Proposes a method for distinguishing homonymic forms within the paradigm of a word of a given class (part of speech), based on the dependence of limitations in the realisability of characteristic valencies of words of that class from their functional position in the phrase. Distinguishes homonymic forms in the paradigm of the substantive and of the verb.

n.d.return to top

"Script and Language of the Tanjung Tanah Manuscript", to appear in a planned compendium.
"Linguistic Variety in Later Nineteenth-Century Dutch-Edited Malay Publications", to appear in a planned compendium.
"Distinguishing Cognate Homonym Pairs in Indonesian", to appear in a planned compendium.
in prepreturn to top
"Chronological Stratification Based on Sound Laws in West Indonesia"
"Why, How, and since When Does Human Language Change?"
"The Hinduist-Malay Yava Realm".
"Kunlun in Southeast Asia".
High and Low Malay in the Formation of Indonesian.
"Indonesian Lexical Contributions to Internationalese".
Malayo-Indonesian State Formation, the Linguistic Evidence.
Indonesian History and the History of Indonesian.

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